TNF and brain injury: During inflammation such as that which has been reported in perinatal brain injury [32], activation of mast cells [100] and microglia will produce reactive oxygen species, release excitatory amino acid agonists, proinflammatory cytokines (e.g., IL-1γ, IL-18, TNF-α), chemokines [101, 102], and tumour necrosis factors (e.g., TNF-α, TNF-β, FasL, TRAIL, TWEAK) [101, 103–105] that will contribute to cell death most often characterized by a mixed apoptotic-necrotic phenotype [59, 106].