TNF and neurodegenerative disease: Activation of microglia and consequent release of proinflammatory and/or cytotoxic factors such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), reactive oxygen species (ROS), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) are believed to contribute to neuronal damage, particularly in neurodegenerative diseases [6], [7], [8], [9].