VEGFA and colonic neoplasm: [39]–[40] PPP was shown to inhibit IGFR1 signaling in a multiple melanoma mouse model leading to reduced levels of VEGF and a significant reduction in angiogenesis and increased survival. [41] IGF induced up-regulation of VEGF secretion was also blocked by PPP in choroid tumors and Kaposi sarcoma. [42]–[43] IGF1 has been shown to upregulate VEGF in many cell types, including colon cancer, pancreatic cancer, fibroblasts, and osteoblasts. [44]–[45]