IL1B and HIV-1 infection: Similar results were observed using unprimed MDM where in response to opsonised IE, HIV-1 infection significantly reduced IL-6 release (410 pg/mL (IQR: 40–1985) pg/mL compared to 798 pg/mL (IQR: 276–2671); p = 0.015) and IL-1β release (14 pg/mL (IQR: 5–24) compared to 31 pg/mL (IQR: 8–73); p = 0.039) from mock-infected unprimed MDM (data no shown).