TNF and HIV-1 infection: HIV-1 infection had variable effects on TNF secretion in response to IE-PPS phagocytic targets (112 pg/mL (IQR: 16–745) compared to 71 pg/mL (IQR: 7–388); p = 0.055) using IFNγ primed MDM and (8 pg/mL (IQR: 3–42) compared to 5 pg/mL (IQR: 3–9); p = 0.078) in unprimed MDM (Figure 2B and data not shown).