HPSE and cancer: In the current study, we showed that small RNAs targeting heparanase TSS locating at 101 bp upstream of the translation start site [18], including siRNA and short hairpin RNA (shRNA), induced TGS of heparanase via interfering with transcription initiation, but not through inducing heterochromatin formation or epigenetic changes, and attenuated the proliferation, invasion, metastasis and angiogenesis of different kinds of cancer cells in vitro and in vivo.