HPSE and cancer: In summary, in this study, we have shown that small RNAs (siRNA or shRNA) targeting the TSS locating at 101 bp upstream of the translation start site can significantly suppress transcription initiation, but not induce epigenetic changes, to mediate TGS of heparanase and attenuate the invasion, metastasis and angiogenesis of human cancer cells in vitro and in vivo.