Studies on other tissues, including synovium from patients with rheumatoid arthritis [34], human and rodent colitis [35], aortic smooth muscle cells [36], and granulosa cells in the inflammatory response to ovulation [37], all show a consistent picture of induction of cell specific 11β-HSD1 gene expression in response to pro inflammatory cytokines, TNFα and IL-1β being the most commonly implicated [38]. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and colitis.