CD8A and HIV infectious disease: A recent finding is that Tim-3 was up-regulated on virus-specific CD8+ T cells in patients with chronic progressive HIV infection [36]; another recent publication reports that Tim-3 was up-regulated on antigen-specific CD8+ T cells in patients with active TB [37], indicating that similar inhibitory receptor/ligand interactions play a role in modulating host immunity to both HIV and M. tuberculosis infections in humans.