CCL4 and familial hypercholesterolemia: In studies of patients with familial hypercholesterolemia, Holven et al. have shown that peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from hypercholesterolemic patients had enhanced CCL3, CCL4, and IL-8 expression compared to normolipidemic controls and that release of these chemokines correlated positively with plasma cholesterol levels [26].