TNF and leukemia: This occurs as a result of DHC preventing tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α-induced degradation and phosphorylation of IκBα in human promyelocytic leukemia cells (HL-60) [20], induction of endoplasmic reticulum stress in hepatoma and lung cancer [21], [22], and inhibition of signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 (STAT3) in breast cancer [23].