TP53 and urinary bladder carcinoma: Elevated levels of expression of oncoproteins, such as Bcl-2 (Chaudhary et al., 1997; Swellam et al., 2004) and p53 (Chaudhary et al., 1997) have also been observed in schistosomiasis-associated bladder cancer (Vennervald & Polman, 2009).