In the CD8+ T-cell compartment there was little proliferation in healthy volunteers, marked global proliferation in primary HIV infection (likely representing a primary immune response), and a relative lack of proliferation of the CD127−132+ T-cells in chronic HIV infection which may represent a state of “exhausted” T-cells as seen in other chronic viral infections [35], [36], [37]. The gene discussed is CD8A; the disease is HIV infectious disease.