CDKN2A and pancreatic neoplasm: Many oncogenic molecular pathways including EGF/EGFR, Ras-Raf-MEK, PI3K/Akt, JAK/STAT, p16INK4A/retinoblastoma, Smad4/TGF-β, and hedgehog signaling pathways, have been reported to be involved in the pathogenesis of pancreatic cancer [40], [41], [42], [43], [44], [45].