TNF and heart failure: In patients with ischemic heart disease and myocardial infarction, the following biomarkers have shown varying levels of sensitivity in detecting heart failure: lactic dehydrogenase, creatine kinase myocardial band (CKMB), troponins T and I, C-reactive protein, norepinephrine, endothelin-1 (ET-1), interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), atrial natriuretic protein (ANP), B-type natriuretic peptide, beta-adrenergic receptors (BARs), and angiotensin II [2–12].