Alternatively, 6 out of 8 donors from the uninfected group had an increased population of plasmablasts (CD19+CD24loCD38hi cells; Fig. S5), suggesting a recent, unrelated infection in Lambaréné, but not in the nearby village (∼15 km, PK15), which may have caused the increase in CD1dhi B cells observed in the uninfected children. Here, CD19 is linked to infection.