The expression levels of IL-28B mRNA were generally low in most cases with a median value of 5.2 in no-infection, 10.6 in HTLV-1 mono-infection, 3.9 in HCV mono-infection, and 2.8 in HTLV-1/HCV co-infection (Figure 1a). This evidence concerns the gene IFNL3 and infection.