In a study of individuals with diabetes in the Boston area, BC averaged over the previous 24 hr up to 6 days was found to be most strongly associated with increased levels of adhesion molecules involved in inflammation and endothelial function [soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1) and soluble vascular adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1)] (O’Neill et al. 2007), whereas null associations were observed with sulfate PM, and weaker associations were found with PM2.5. Here, ICAM1 is linked to diabetes mellitus.