APP and Alzheimer disease: Besides the neurological complications of brain swelling, particularly in subjects who did not have significant global brain atrophy, the root causes of vasogenic edema, i.e. pro-inflammatory responses with increased microglial activation, cerebral amyloid angiopathy, and accumulation of soluble neurotoxic oligomeric AβPP-Aβ [271], may have adversely influenced the clinical course of AD.