FGF1 and Alzheimer disease: Other trophic factors of note include, transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta) modulates responses to injury in the brain, acidic fibroblast growth factor (aFGF), which modulates cellular proliferation and differentiation, and neuronal thread protein (NTP), which accumulates in AD brains, is regulated by insulin, and physically interacts with phospho-tau [62, 220-222].