Two recent studies showed that overnutrition induces ER stress as well as IKKβ/NF-κB activation in the hypothalamus of mice fed with a high-fat diet (HFD) [34], and central administration of ER stress inducer mimicked HFD feeding to activate hypothalamic NF-κB in mice on a normal chow diet [34;39]. This evidence concerns the gene NFKB1 and overnutrition.