Recently, Koo and colleagues reported that use of the PDE4-I thalidomide analog CC-3052 (administered by oral gavage) in combination with isoniazid (delivered ad libitum in drinking water) resulted in a significant decrease in lung CFU counts and lung pathology in a mouse model of TB; they further demonstrated that administration of CC-3052 was associated with decreased tnf-a gene expression [28]. Here, TNF is linked to tuberculosis.