In contrast, although depletion of CD4+ cells throughout infection (α-CD4 antibodies administered on days −1, 0, +4 and +6 of infection) led to a delay in onset of ECM in α-CTLA-4 treated mice (day 8–11 as compared to day 7–8 in α-CTLA-4 treated mice but were not given α-CD4 antibodies), CD4+ depletion later in infection (α-CD4 antibodies administered on days +4 and +6 of infection) in α-CTLA-4 treated mice had no effect on the development of ECM. Here, CD4 is linked to infection.