The former was found to increase VEGF [39], EGF receptor [40], and MMP-9 [41] expression in glioma cells, suggesting that astroglia-produced cytokines may influence all the three most critical aspects of glioma cell survival: angiogenesis (VEGF), proliferation (EGFR), and migration (MMP-9). The gene discussed is MMP9; the disease is central nervous system cancer.