Since these markers were more predictive of disease in pre- than in post-menopausal women, and were not perfectly accurate in predicting the presence of disease in either menopausal group, we wondered if additional marker(s), ideally one or more that was especially predictive of postmenopausal disease, would improve the ability of uPA and PAI-1 to predict the presence of breast atypia or cancer. This evidence concerns the gene SERPINE1 and cancer.