TGFB1 and neoplasm: Degradation of the bone matrix causes the release of growth factors, including transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), insulin-like growth factors I and II (IGF-I and II), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), FGF-1 and -2, and bone morphogenic proteins (BMP), all of which have effects on both osteoblasts and tumor cells [67], causing an increase in tumor cell secretion of PTHrP and the propagation of the vicious cycle.