BIRC5 and urinary bladder cancer: Although the role of this polymorphism in the etiology of RCC has not been assessed before, there are studies reporting that the survivin −31CC genotype was associated with increased risk of other urinary system cancer, such as urothelial carcinoma (OR = 4.0, 95%CI = 2.3–7.2) [30] and bladder cancer (OR = 1.85, 95%CI = 1.27–2.70) [31].