These factors included intergrins, a class of cell surface receptors that mediate linkages with the extracellular matrix and have been identified as HIV-1 receptors [57], catenins, components of the actin cytoskeleton shown to enhance HIV-1 infection by anchoring chemokine receptors CCR5 and CCR4 to the cell membrane [58], and NF- κB a known modulator of immune function that directly enhances HIV-1 transcription at the proviral level [59]. This evidence concerns the gene CCR5 and HIV-1 infection.