IFNA1 and infection: Although a beneficial net effect of systemically administered IFN cannot be excluded, two findings in the present study support the clinical observation that IFNs do not effectively control HTLV-1 infection: (i) over-expression of IFN-stimulated genes was not observed in healthy HTLV-1 carriers who efficiently control the infection; (ii) while IFN-α reduced the expression of the structural viral protein Gag as reported previously [47], we found that IFN treatment did not affect the expression of the viral transactivator protein Tax or HBZ mRNA.