TNF and malaria: Macrophage CD36 interaction with malaria and malaria products, such as Plasmodium falciparum glycosylphosphatidylinositol (pfGPI), hemozoin and Plasmodium falciparum DNA, known as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), has been found to stimulate macrophage cytokine production via collaboration with TLR family [44–46]. pfGPI is the primary parasite-derived bioactive molecule that activates macrophages and induces the release of inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-1 from macrophages and, therefore, contributes to severe malarial pathogenesis and morbidity [11, 47].