BMP2 and persistent truncus arteriosus: In addition, echocardiographic measurement showed that both the left ventricular end systolic posterior wall thickness (LVPWs) and left ventricular end-diastolic posterior wall thickness (LVPWd) increased by 2 weeks of TAC, was attenuated by BMP-2 or Y-27632 treatment, respectively (Fig. 5A bottom line).