Consistent with previous reports, NAFLD induced expressions of pro-inflammatory mediators (TNF-α, IL-1β, iNOS, COX-2) (Fig. 4a–f) and chemokines (MCP-1, MIP-2, KC) (Fig. 5a–d) at both mRNA and protein levels. Here, PTGS2 is linked to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.