TNF and infection: The enterotoxigenic E.coli K88 (ETEC) in vitro infection causes a proinflammatory transcriptional profile on porcine intestinal cells IPI-2I, upregulating gene expression cytokines TNFα, GM-CSF involved in proliferation and activation of neutrophils, IL1α, IL6 (acute phase reactions, proliferation and differentiation of macrophages and B-cells) as well as proinflammatory chemokines CXCL8 (neutrophil recruitment), CCL2 (MCP-1, Monocyte chemotactic protein-1), CXCL2 and CCL20 chemotactic for immature DCs involved in the bacterial uptake across the epithelial barrier.