These rather opposite results might be explained by the differences in the vaccination and chemotherapy protocols, e.g. high-dose vs. low-dose 5-FU, irinotecan vs. oxaliplatin, forgoing of gemcitabine, dosage and schedule of GM-CSF administration, or addition of CAP-1-peptide, in the time course of administration, in the patient cohort under study (metastatic colorectal cancer vs. unselected colorectal cancer), number of patients analyzed, and additional, yet unknown, confounding factors. The gene discussed is CSF2; the disease is metastatic colorectal cancer.