Our previous findings revealed that IL-31 could significantly induce the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6 and AD-related chemokines CXCL1, CXCL8, CCL2 and CCL18 from eosinophils and such induction was further enhanced upon the co-culture of eosinophils and epidermal keratinocytes, via intracellular mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPK), nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-Akt pathways [15]. Here, AKT1 is linked to Alzheimer disease.