MAPK8 and infection: As shown in Figure 2A and 2B, western blotting showed increased ERK1/2 phosphorylation (p-ERK1/2) from day2 (∼1.40-fold) to 360(∼2.78-fold); it peaked at day180 (∼5.69-fold); there was a significant difference between E. multilocularis infected and non-infected mice at day90 post-infection (P < 0.05), and increased JNK phosphorylation (p-JNK) from day180 (∼1.89-fold) to 360 (∼1.85-fold); it peaked at day270 (∼2.19-fold) post-infection; it was significantly different between E. multilocularis-infected and non-infected mice at all time points since day180 (P < 0.05).