TNF and hemorrhage: The serum TNF-α concentration in the Hemorrhage group was highest at 1 hour after hemorrhage and was significantly higher than in the Sham group at all timepoints (90.5±9.3 pg/ml at 1 hour, 62.0±9.1 pg/ml at 3 hours, 35.5±3.0 pg/ml at 5 hours).