NFκB activation is also required to protect the adult liver from acute and chronic injury, since hepatocyte specific NEMO knockout mice showed increased sensitivity to TNFα-induced liver damage, developed a phenotype of spontaneous chronic hepatitis associated with increased hepatocyte apoptosis, liver inflammation, steatosis, compensatory hepatocyte proliferation and finally development of hepatocellular carcinoma [21]. Here, TNF is linked to hepatocellular carcinoma.