These studies identified a single epitope from each gene, TLATIAWMV for GLIPR1 (4–12), and RTYWIIIEL for EpCAM (140–148), as stimulating significant responses in newly diagnosed or at-risk subjects (an at-risk individual was defined as a person with a first degree relative with T1D having one autoantibody specific for a known T1D autoantigen) but rarely in controls (Fig. 3, panels a and b). This evidence concerns the gene GLIPR1 and type 1 diabetes mellitus.