TP53 and urinary bladder cancer: Non-replicating vectors such as lentivirus (Kikuchi et al, 2004; Adam et al, 2007), adenovirus (Werthman et al, 1996; Sutton et al, 2000) and poxviruses (Fodor et al, 2005) have shown strong therapeutic gene expression in bladder cancer including endostatin (Shichinohe et al, 2001) and p53 (Ruifa et al, 2006).