The ALS connection was carried into the next publication (PubMed ID: 19733170), a study that demonstrated that the administration of macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF, a pro-survival cytokine) accelerated disease progression, an outcome suggested to be due to the upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1beta. Here, CSF1 is linked to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.