Data from an existing neoadjuvant study in which patients received ipilimumab preoperatively followed by lymphadenectomy, and 2 additional doses of maintenance ipilimumab showed a significant increase in the frequency of circulating CD4 +CD25hi + Foxp3 + regulatory T cells [80], a finding independently confirmed by investigators from the Moffit Cancer Center using samples derived from patients treated with ipilimumab on an adjuvant trial [81]. The gene discussed is CD4; the disease is cancer.