CSF3 and acute myeloid leukemia: At a median follow up of 54 months, the estimated relative risk for AML/MDS with G-CSF-supported chemotherapy was 1.92, with an estimate absolute increase in risk of 0.4%;41 however, although this increased risk, these data cannot distinguish between the potential causal effects as a result of the growth factor and of dose-intensified systemic chemotherapy, so that the potential toxicities of G-CSF needs further study.