Shen et al and Hu et al reported that, compared to ATRA alone, the ATO plus ATRA combination resulted in earlier CR achievement and platelet recovery, more rapid reduction of the PML-RARA transcript and lower relapse rates in newly diagnosed APL patients.42,43 Similar results were reported by Estey et al from the MD Anderson Cancer Center in Houston.44 Finally, a recently terminated large randomized trial conducted in the USA, showed a benefit from adding ATO to standard ATRA and chemotherapy during consolidation in front-line therapy.45 The gene discussed is RARA; the disease is acute promyelocytic leukemia.