In particular, among differentially-expressed genes, p16INK4A, encoded by the tumor-suppressor gene CDKN2A, is down-regulated in elderly AML samples, while it is normally induced during the physiologic aging of hematopoietic stem cells.36 Similarly, the analysis of oncogenic signaling pathway showed that older patients have a lower probability of E2F and PI3-kinase pathway activation, but a higher probability of RAS, TNF, Src, and EPI pathway activation. This evidence concerns the gene CDKN2A and acute myeloid leukemia.