IGFBP3 and colonic neoplasm: In previously published studies using data from the Health Professionals Follow-up Study (HPFS) and the Nurses' Health Study (NHS) cohorts, higher plasma 25(OH)D levels were significantly associated with decreased risk and higher IGF-1 levels, the molar IGF-1/IGFBP-3 ratio and C-peptide levels were associated with increased risk of colorectal and/or colon cancer [6], [8], [21].