RNase protection assays (TNFα, TNFβ, CCL2, CCL3, CCL4, CCL5, CXCL2, CXCL10, CXCR3, IFNβ, IFNγ, IFNγR, VCAM1, IL-4, IL-12, IL-15, IL-18, iNOS) were performed and no significant change, in either levels or profile, was observed between MV infection alone and co-infection or between symptomatic and asymptomatic co-infected mice (data not shown). Here, IFNB1 is linked to coinfection.