AR and prostate carcinoma: For example, the decrease in androgen receptor (AR) signalling has been shown to reduce the antioxidative capacity and increase ROS production (Tam et al, 2003; Pinthus et al, 2007), MYC expression is known to protect cells against oxidative stress (Benassi et al, 2006) and our recent results indicate that transmembrane protease, serine 2 (TMPRSS2)–the v-ets erythroblastosis virus E26 oncogene homolog (ERG) fusion-positive VCaP prostate cancer cells are vulnerable to oxidative stress induction (Iljin et al, 2009; Ketola et al, 2010; Vainio et al, 2011).