Shackel et al. discovered that PBC liver tissue had increased expression of Th1 and Th2 type proteins as well as connective tissue growth factor and TGF-β3 when they analyzed their cDNA microarray from liver tissue from patients with PBC (n = 4), PSC (n = 4) and non-disease controls (n = 8). The gene discussed is TGFB3; the disease is primary biliary cholangitis.