SMAD7 and colitis: Administration of Smad7 antisense oligonucleotide leads to prevention or reversal of inflammation in a colitis mice model induced by either trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) or oxazolone [42], consistent with the clinical findings that the TGF-β signaling is impaired by elevated Smad7 expression in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in humans [43].