Another study examined the expression of DAP kinase, noted to have a role in TNF-α, Fas, and interferon-gamma- (IFN-γ-) induced apoptosis [83, 84] and in oncogenic transformation of cells [85], and in epithelial cells present in the sputum of a cohort of cancer patients, and correlated this to changes in expression in airway epithelium collected by bronchial brushing [86]. This evidence concerns the gene IFNG and cancer.