TNFα and IL-1 have been shown to cause up-regulation of E-selectin, ICAM-1, ICAM-2, and VCAM-1 on cerebral endothelial cells and the induction of such adhesion molecules may explain the elevation of TNFα and IL-1 levels after ischemia increases neutrophil infiltration [37]. The gene discussed is VCAM1; the disease is ischemia.