Atherosclerotic plaque development (Full et al., unpublished data), viral infection of A549 lung adenocarcinoma epithelial cells [25] and stimulation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) with H2O2 and hydroperoxides [33] resulted in oxidation and a shifted isoelectric point of Prx4, respectively. Here, PRDX4 is linked to viral infectious disease.